Mechanical linkages are used to transmit and transform motion. In this paper we investigate what it might mean to "understand" a linkage, i.e. how one would explain the functioning of the system. We present a system capable of understanding a variety of relatively simple linkage mechanisms found in standard references. Our system extracts its understanding by analyzing the results of a numerica...

the input - output framework is applied in this study to analyse the change, in the use of labor input. on the basis of input-output tables sectors of the economy are specified according to the degree of their interdependences. backward and forward employment linkages can he calculated. the sectors then are classified according to their total (direct and indirect) employment linkages. through a...

Lignin depolymerisation has received considerable attention recently due to the pressing need to find sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel feedstock to produce chemicals and fuels. Two types of interunit linkages (C–C and C–O linkages) link several aromatic units in the structure of lignin. Between these two inter-unit linkages, the bond energies of C–C linkages are higher than that of C–O l...

The thermal copolymerization of lysine with other alpha-amino acids has been studied further. The identity of the second amino acid influences various properties of the polymer obtained, including the proportion of alpha and epsilon linkages of lysine. A review of linkages in proteinoids indicated alpha and beta linkages for aspartic acid, alpha and gamma linkages for glutamic acid, alpha and e...

In this paper, we consider a special kind of overconstrained 6R closed linkages which we call angle-symmetric 6R linkages. These are linkages with the property that the rotation angles are equal for each of the three pairs of opposite joints. We give a classification of these linkages. It turns that there are three types. First, we have the linkages with line symmetry. The second type is new. T...

Employing a unique dataset that covers almost 6000 informal enterprises from six West African urban centers, this paper examines the backward and forward linkages of these enterprises to the formal sector. We first provide a descriptive analysis of the existing formalinformal linkages. It turns out that formal backward linkages are much more prevalent than formal forward linkages, and that link...

This paper analyses the concept of linkages and studies the development and the determinants of inter-firm linkages between electronics firms in Ireland and domestic sub-suppliers using firm level data for 1982 to 1995. We discuss the concept of inter-firm linkages and the effects of linkages. We argue that the concept of linkages developed by Hirschman (1958) is an inter-sectoral concept which...

I n this study, the Regional Input- Output Structural Decomposition Analysis (I-O SDA) is used to investigate the effects of technological changes on employment in Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran during 2006-2011. This paper develops the SDA method to decompose the technological change from two viewpoints of supply and demand for intermediate inputs in each sector. These chan...