The difficulties in current NLP applications are seldom due to the lack of appropriate frameworks for encoding our linguistic or extra-linguistic knowledge, hut rather to the fact that we do not know in advance what actual znstances of knowledge should be, even though we know in advance what types of knowledge are required. It normally takes a long time and requires painful trial and error proc...

It is agreed that infants require pre-existing conceptual meanings to learn language, although little is known about what those meanings are. By default they have been assumed to be the sensorimotor schemas described by Piaget. However, sensorimotor schemas are not concepts and are not the right sort of representation for learning language. Recent research shows that along with sensorimotor sch...

the issue of speech act is a significant issue in pragmatics. speech acts encapsulate lectionary, illocutionary and perloctionary forces. i have dealt with what is said in speech. what is said is an achieved action. to be achieved, this action depends on presuppositions or prior assumptions between the speaker and the recipient of speech. the speaker discusses his previous references to make hi...

Most knowledge-based system development efforts include acquiring knowledge from one or more sources. Difficulties associated with this knowledge acquisition task are readily acknowledged by most researchers. While a variety of knowledge acquisition methods have been reported, little has been done to organize those different methods and to suggest how to apply them within a conceptual framework...

the warrant of truth has long been drawing the attention of philosophers.in order to find out the truth value one should determine first the criterion of truth. discursive or representational knowledge are related to objects external of mind and so since external circumstances are involved in occurrence of this sort of knowledge, its truth value is diminished. presential knowledge, however, is ...