Shaker, a voltage-dependent K+ channel, is enriched in the mushroom bodies (MBs), the locus of olfactory learning in Drosophila. Mutations in the shaker locus are known to alter excitability, neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and olfactory learning. However, a direct link of Shaker channels to MB intrinsic neuron (MBN) physiology has not been documented. We found that transcripts f...

We characterize the perimeter-minimizing double bubbles on all flat two-tori and, as corollaries, on the flat infinite cylinder and the flat infinite strip with free boundary. Specifically, we show that there are five distinct types of minimizers on flat two-tori, depending on the areas to be enclosed.

The classical isoperimetric inequality in R3 states that the surface of smallest area enclosing a given volume is a sphere. We show that the least area surface enclosing two equal volumes is a double bubble, a surface made of two pieces of round spheres separated by a flat disk, meeting along a single circle at an angle of 120.

the aim of this study was to determine the most suitable shaking frequency and amplitude for shake harvesting esfahan's edible fig (ficus carica cv. sabz). a hand held limb shaker with adjustable shaking frequency and amplitude was used for this study. a 3x3 factorial experiment with three levels of oscillating frequency (10, 12 and 14 hz) and three levels of shaking amplitude (20, 32.5 and 45 ...

The profitability of fresh citrus crops outlines the possibility using mechanical systems to reduce high cost manual harvesting operation. In this line, an experimental light shaker with low frequency and amplitude a hydraulic arm was developed. This device had been successfully used for ornamental trees. previous studies, it proven that removal percentage adequate, but slightly damaged fruit i...

The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable shaking frequency and amplitude for shake harvesting Esfahan's edible fig (Ficus carica cv. Sabz). A hand held limb shaker with adjustable shaking frequency and amplitude was used for this study. A 3x3 factorial experiment with three levels of oscillating frequency (10, 12 and 14 Hz) and three levels of shaking amplitude (20, 32.5 and 45 ...

The Drosophila Shaker K(+) channel is the first cloned voltage-gated potassium channel and has, therefore, played an important role in structural and functional studies of those channels. While such a role is well justified for ion permeation, it is not clear whether this also extends to ligand binding. Despite the high degree of homology among Shaker and Kv1 channels, κ-conotoxin PVIIA (κ-PVII...

The strength and dynamics of synaptic transmission are determined, in part, by the presynaptic action potential (AP) waveform at the nerve terminal. The ion channels that shape the synaptic AP waveform remain essentially unknown for all but a few large synapses amenable to electrophysiological interrogation. The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a powerful system for studying synaptic ...

We examined the origins and functional evolution of the Shaker and KCNQ families of voltage-gated K(+) channels to better understand how neuronal excitability evolved. In bilaterians, the Shaker family consists of four functionally distinct gene families (Shaker, Shab, Shal, and Shaw) that share a subunit structure consisting of a voltage-gated K(+) channel motif coupled to a cytoplasmic domain...