in this paper, the cox proportional hazard model is used to answer several questions. in general, fourteen variables are applied in four groups: firm, industry, expenditure human resources specific characteristics as well. according to the previous literature in this field, the findings of this paper also show that the factors which affect life duration of firms are different between industries...

the quality of life (qol) has been defined as ‘‘a person’s sense of well-being that stems from satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the areas of life that are important to him/her’’. it is generally accepted that pain intensity and duration have a negative impact on the qol. one specific type of control is “self-efficacy”, or the belief that one has the ability to successfully engage in specifi...