A signed graph (or sigraph in short) is an ordered pair S = (Su, σ), where Su is a graph G = (V,E) and σ : E → {+,−} is a function from the edge set E of Su into the set {+,−}. For a positive integer n > 1, the unitary Cayley graph Xn is the graph whose vertex set is Zn, the integers modulo n and if Un denotes set of all units of the ring Zn, then two vertices a, b are adjacent if and only if a...

Each family of signal transduction systems requires specificity determinants that link individual signals to the correct regulatory output. In Bacillus subtilis, a family of four anti-terminator proteins controls the expression of genes for the utilisation of alternative sugars. These regulatory systems contain the anti-terminator proteins and a RNA structure, the RNA anti-terminator (RAT) that...

Information has now become such an integral part of our global society, that its access is considered as a basic human right [1, 2]. Moreover, progress of rural and urban developing populations is also getting increasingly dependent upon access to information [3]. This is specifically applicable to Pakistan, which is a developing country having GDP per capita about US$430, 67.7% rural populatio...

The phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) plays a key role in sugar uptake and metabolic regulation in bacteria. PTS proteins form a divergent phosphorylation cascade. Enzyme I (EI) is at the top of the cascade and mediates phosphoryl-transfer from phosphoenolpyruvate to the phosphoryl-carrier protein HPr, which then distributes the phosphoryl-groups to the different carbohy...

Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disease, which is directly correlated with increased physical disabilities and muscle tissue damage. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-apoptotic effects of interval and continued training and crocin on diabetic rats. Methods: In this study, 49 adult rats aged eight weeks with diabetes inducaed by a high-fat di...

Introduction: Muscular inflammation and atrophy is one of the characteristics of diabetes that causes motor disability in these individuals. Studies have shown that exercise training with different intensities and the use of herbal drugs can have favorable effects on diabetes. The aim of this study was to interactive effects of continuous and interval training with crocin consu...