Ionic liquid with both Lewis and Brønsted acid sites has been synthesized and its catalytic activities for Michael addition were carefully studied. The novel ionic liquid was stable to water and could be used in aqueous solution. The molar ratio of the Lewis and Brønsted acid sites could be adjusted to match different reactions. The results showed that the novel ionic liquid was very efficient ...

The intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of cycloalkenones and terminal dienes occur with high endo stereoselectivity, both thermally and under Lewis-acidic conditions. Through computations, we show that steric repulsion and tether conformation govern the selectivity of the reaction, and incorporation of either BF3 or α-halogenation increases the rate of cycloaddition. With a longer tether, iso...

A heterologous corneal endothelial transplantation was attempted using human endothelial cells and a Lewis rat penetrating keratoplasty model. Cultured human endothelial cells were seeded to a Lewis rat cornea, which was denuded of its endothelium. When grafted into the syngeneic Lewis rat, the graft remained clear for at least five days, and then became opaque and edematous because of immune r...

The RAT identifies knowledge with ‘an evidential state in which all relevant alternatives (to what is known) are eliminated’ (Dretske 1981: 367). Developing the RAT involves clarifying how to solve for the variables of relevance and elimination in a given case. Lewis (1996) has developed the most sophisticated version of the RAT to date. According to Lewis, S knows that p iff p is true in every...

Individuals with greater nicotine-reactivity may be more likely to initiate and maintain cigarette-smoking behavior than individuals with less nicotine-reactivity. In rats, behavioral sensitization reflects a progressive increase in the psychomotor response to drugs of abuse thought to result from neuroplasticity in brain regions that mediate their motivational effects. Studying nicotine behavi...

Innate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is well modeled by two strains of rat, the hyperresponsive Fischer 344 rat and the normoresponsive Lewis rat. Arginase has been implicated in AHR associated with allergic asthma models. We addressed the role of arginase in innate AHR using the Fischer-Lewis model. In vivo arginase inhibition with N(ω)-hydroxy-nor-arginine (nor-NOHA) was evaluated on metha...

Novel synergistic effects between Lewis and Brønsted acids in Prins cyclization are reported. Non-reactive Lewis acids and non-reactive Brønsted acids, which failed to perform Prins cyclization when used alone, have shown remarkable synergistic effects when used in combination to perform the reaction successfully.

The T cell response to the 65-kD mycobacterial heat-shock protein (Bhsp65) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. Adjuvant arthritis (AA) induced in the Lewis rat (RT-1(l)) by injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis serves as an experimental model for human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the immunological basis of regulation of acute AA, or of susceptibility/resis...

We have done bulk rock compositional analyses (INAA, ICP-MS) and petrologic study of a suite of diogenite meteorites. Most contain orthopyroxenes with mg#s of 70.6– 79.0. Meteorite Hills (MET) 00425 is magnesian (mg# of 83.9). Lewis Cliff (LEW) 88011 contains orthopyroxene grains of varying mg# (76.3–68.6). Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 93009 (orthopyroxene mg# 70.6) contains coarse-grained norit...