This paper studies the effects of the structural variables of the Iranian industries sector on the welfare cost using to the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) theory. In other words, we investigate the role of structural components and their effects on the size of the welfare cost in Iran's industry sector. We have used the Leibenstein's model to calculate the deadweight loss and then the pan...

the Inter-American Development Bank, and in an IMF-World Bank sponsored conference in Escorial, Spain for helpful comments on a related paper. The usual disclaimer applies. 2 INTRODUCTION New empirical evidence on the relationship between inequality and growth contradicts an important dimension of the conventional wisdom regarding the nature of the process of transforming low income into high i...

The actions of di¤erent agents sometimes reinforce each other. Examples are network e¤ects and the threshold models used by sociologists as well as Leibenstein’s “bandwagon e¤ects.”We model such situations as a game with increasing di¤erences, and show that tipping of equilibria, cascading and clubs with entrapment are natural consequences of this mutual reinforcement. If there are several equi...

extended abstract introduction the fertility transition in iran has pass through different stages from 1972-2015.the total fertility rate (tfr) decreased from 7.7 in 1966 to around 6 in 1976.then it rose to 7 in 1980.tfr decline to 5.5 in 1988.in 1996,thetotal fertility rate reach to 2.8,more than 50% decline. tfr has declined further and reached 2.17 in 2000, and 1.9 in 2012 i.e. below replace...

The theme of this article is the importance – and the many causes – of lowlevel equilibrium “traps.” Rosenstein-Rodan pointed out that spillovers may cause the return to an activity to increase with the number of others who undertake that activity. If spillovers are strong enough, both lowand high-level equilibria are possible, with no tendency of market forces to lead from the worse to the bet...

INCREASINGLY, their use of resources IBRARIES A R E ASKED T O JUSTIFY in terms of producing meaningful services and impacts to the users and the parent organizations. This study applied an analytical technique called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to calculate the relative technical efficiency of ninety-five academic research libraries that are members of the Association of Research Libraries....

Research in social stratification has tended to view intergroup inequality in one of two ways. Work in the status-attainment tradition focuses on individual outcomes and, by implication, views the reproduction of intergroup inequality as a consequence of agents with differing endowments attaining outcomes that vary depending on the level of those endowments. More recent work has deviated from t...

Background Economic uncertainty has become an increasingly important factor in explanations of declining fertility and postponed family formation across Europe. Yet the micro-level evidence on this topic is still limited. Objective This special collection of Demographic Research focuses on the issue of how economic and employment uncertainties relate to fertility and family dynamics in Europe. ...