Cells in neoplasms evolve by natural selection. Traditional cytotoxic chemotherapies add further selection pressure to the evolution of neoplastic cells, thereby selecting for cells resistant to the therapies. An alternative proposal is a benign cell booster. Rather than trying to kill the highly dysplastic or malignant cells directly, a benign cell booster increases the fitness of the more ben...

This paper examined and compared two corpora in terms of boosters, a category interactional metadiscourse markers. Boosters strengtens the writers' existence, position, argument, claims, commitment into texts. One hundred articles are composed corpora; 50 from non-native researchers’ papers (Turkish writers), native papers. Two were under 4 types boosters: modals (type 1), adjectives adverbs 2)...

In the Soviet Union, private entrepreneurship was largely forbidden, and scientists were in charge of prospecting for radioactive minerals. Their work early 20th century laid basis nuclear project.

Expressing doubt and certainty in academic writings requires a cautious use of hedges and boosters. Despite their importance in academic writing, little is known about how they are used in monolingual and bilingual male and female EFL learners’ academic writings. To shed some lights on the issue, the present study investigated the use of hedges and boosters in research articles written by monol...

The expression of doubt and certainty is crucial in academic writing where the authors have to distinguish opinion from fact and evaluate their assertions in acceptable and persuasive ways. Hedges and boosters are two strategies used for this purpose. Despite their importance in academic writing, we know little about how they are used in different disciplines and genres and how foreign language...

A new tuberculosis vaccine is urgently needed. Prime-boost strategies are considered very promising and the inclusion of BCG is highly desirable. In this investigation, we tested the protective efficacy of BCG delivered in the neonatal period followed by boosters in the adult phase with a DNA vaccine containing the hsp65 gene from Mycobacterium leprae (pVAXhsp65). Immune responses were characte...

The tetanusanddiphtheriavaccinationprogramme inFinlandhasbeen running for50years.Afterprimary doses, tetanusboostershavebeenoffered tomen inmilitary service anddecennial boosters recommended for all through the adult life. For 30 years a diphtheria booster was only offered to men in the military service. Not until 1989 diphtheria–tetanus (dT) and diphtheria (d) booster vaccines for adolescence ...