Stressful environmental conditions during mosquito larval development may enhance susceptibility of adult mosquitoes to viral pathogens. Although anti-viral defense system in mosquitoes remains uncertain, stress-related enhancement of mosquito susceptibility to viral pathogens may be due to alteration of signaling pathways such as the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. To test the influ...

striped rice stem borer, chilo suppressalis (lepidoptera: pyralidae) is one of the major pests in north part of iran which causes serious damage. the last larval instar overwinters in the stem of weeds around the fields. regarding the importance of weeds as overwintering habitat, population density of larvae was studied in three areas; low-, mid-, and up-lands of mazandaran province and also on...

the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (linnaeus, 1758) (lep.: plutellidae) is the most destructive insect pest of crucifer plants throughout the world. in order to study its seasonal population fluctuation, sampling was conducted in the cauliflower fields of south of tehran from late may until october 2011. one hectare cauliflower field in the middle of a large field was randomly selected i...

macrobrachium rosenbergii lifecycle is unique so that the adults thrive in freshwater and larval development requires brackish water environments near to estuaries as close as possible to larval body isosmotic for minimum na/k-atpase activity and maximum atp storage. osmoregulation system at early larval stages is not formed and larval osmoregulation is mainly attributed to na/k-atpase activity...

In insects, the outcome of intraspecific competition for food during development depends primarily upon larval density and larval sex, but effects will also depend on the particular trait under consideration and the species under study. Experimental manipulations of larval densities of a Madeiran population of the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria confirmed that intraspecific competition ...

At 15 commercial highbush blueberry farms, fields where row middles were tilled had 72% lower larval density of Popillia japonica than fields with grass in row middles. Popillia japonica larval populations were similar in the perimeters of tilled and untilled fields. Soil parameters measured in these sites were not correlated with larval density of P. japonica. Samples of adult beetles on bushe...

This study was conducted to examine morphometric and meristic characteristics alongside pigmentation patterns of bream larvae, Abramis brama orientalis, in four stages of larval development. Morphological characters including total length (TL), standard length (SL), notochord length (NL), head length (HL), head depth (HD), eye diameter (ED) and mouth width (MW) were examined from hatching time ...

Aedes albopictus, a species known to transmit dengue and chikungunya viruses, is primarily a container-inhabiting mosquito. The potential for pathogen transmission by Ae. albopictus has increased our need to understand its ecology and population dynamics. Two parameters that we know little about are the impact of direct density-dependence and delayed density-dependence in the larval stage. The ...

In animals with complex life cycles, the quality of juvenile environments is important in shaping the longer-term fitness of individuals. Larval density is a major factor governing quality of larval environments in amphibians, with high densities leading to reduced growth rates, smaller size at metamorphosis, and potentially long-lasting postmetamorphic effects. A little-studied effect of larva...