Pulse oximeters are electrical devices used for measuring blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate. Since their conception they have gained widespread acceptance in the medical community. This paper primarily focuses on the theory behind pulse oximetry. Beginning with the Beer-Lambert s Law, which relates the intensity of light before and after an absorbing medium, manipulations are made so that ...

Preliminary development of a fiber optic bilirubin sensor is described, where an unclad sensing portion is used to provide evanescent wave interaction of the transmitted light with the chemical environment. By using a wavelength corresponding to a bilirubin absorption peak, the Beer-Lambert Law can be used to relate the concentration of bilirubin surrounding the sensing portion to the amount of...

The role of the Lambert-Beer law in ocean optics is critically examined. The Lambert-Beer law and the three-parameter model of the submarine light field are used to construct an optical energy budget for any hydrosol. It is further applied to the analytical exponential decay coefficient of the light field and used to estimate the optical properties and effects of the dissolved/suspended compone...

Johann Heinrich Lambert is best known for his work in physics. The law of Bouguer-Lambert-Beer on the absorbtion of light may be his most famous achievement. He is also well known in mathematics, for example for his proof of π and e being irrational numbers, for his work on non-additive probabilities and for his contribution to non-Euclidean geometry. He worked on numerous problems of natural s...

Hot massive stars present strong stellar winds that are driven by absorption, scattering and re\-emission of photons the ions atmosphere (\textit{line-driven winds}). A better comprehension this phenomenon, a more accurate calculation hydrodynamics radiative acceleration is required to reduce number free parameters in spectral fitting, determine wind such as mass-loss rates velocity profiles. W...

The spectrophotometric analysis of biomolecules for sample quantification and purity assessment has been well documented. Quantification is made possible by the absorption of ultra-violet light by chromophores contained in nucleic acids and protein. Consistent with these methods is the use of the Beer-Lambert Law that relates physical property of light absorption by molecules to concentration w...

Under proper initial conditions, the interrelated effects of phase and attenuation dispersion in ultrawideband pulse propagation modify the input pulse into precursor fields. Because of their minimal decay in a given dispersive medium, precursor-type pulses possess optimal penetration into that material at the frequency-chirped Lambert-Beer's law limit, making them ideally suited for remote sen...