In recent years, a number of mergers have occurred in the petroleum industry involving upstream firms that are imperfectly integrated into retail markets. In order to empirically evaluate the competitive effects of such mergers, this paper proposes a structural model of supply and demand that reflects divisions between upstream producers and downstream retailers. Neither downstream costs includ...

In pre-industrial Europe, rising productivity both in agriculture and in industry depended on the expansion of trade, and the expansion of trade depended in turn on the reduction of trading costs. An important component of trading costs—for some goods the most important—was the cost of transportation. This had two elements: the cost of predation and the cost of carriage. This paper examines the...

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefine ulaşma sürecinde, ülkelerin kendi konjonktürlerine dayalı olarak yatırım odaklı sektörlere entegre edeceği çevre tabanlı enstrümanlar kilit önem taşımaktadır. Yatırım sektörler arasında yer alan ulaşım gerek faaliyet, kullanımı ele alındığında, diğer sektörlerin işleyişi ve verimliliği üzerinde önemli bir etki oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, sektörüne yön...

This paper investigates whether the efficiency effect of product market dispersion is a function of the infrastructural and policy environment. We hypothesize that more developed transportation and communication infrastructure and lower government regulation may reduce transaction costs, intensifying the competition associated with a given market structure, and we use data from the recently lib...

This paper studies the impact of vehicle quota system on the market structure of Singapore s car distributorship industry. Using recently available data, we analyzed the populations and new registrations of different brands of passenger car and motorcycle. We found an increase in market concentration in the car distributorship industry, as the market shares of the top distributors have increase...

This paper describes and evaluates the Chilean infrastructure concessions program, which is one of the main economic innovations carried out by the center-left coalition of political parties that has governed Chile since the return to democracy in 1990. The main principles underlying the economics of franchising are discussed and used to evaluate the program, thereby reviewing the privatization...

We exploit a historical setting that offers an unusually clean test of the relationship between asset ownership and management incentives: captain-ownership of vessels engaged in transatlantic shipping during the 18th century. Although contingent compensation aligned incentives between captains and shipowners regarding most events, there existed one hazard that could not easily be managed by co...

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the cereals with many economic and nutritional interests. However, maize cultivation faces challenges climate change. This phenomenon leads to soils unproductivity crops including maize. Thus, address this problem, fifteen new yellow lines were evaluated in field on basis their agromorphological characteristics (pre-flowering flowering). Descriptive analysis collec...

High-resolution mesoscale and microscale simulations of wave breaking and laminated structures induced by mountain waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) are presented for two Intensive Observational Periods (IOPs) of the Terrain-induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX). To resolve multi-scale nonlinear processes in the UTLS, vertical nesting and refined vertical gridding have bee...

HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells were induced to differentiate by 1,25_dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) into mature monocytes. Differentiation was assessed by nitro blue tetrazoliuin dye reduction, nonspecific esterase activity, and DNA synthesis. Terminal differentiation of cultures induced by calcitriol (1bnM) was inhibitedby 80% whkn cells were treated simultaneously with protein kinase in...