The present study probed 409 Iranian English as foreign language (EFL) learners' motivation and attitude toward English as an International Language (EIL) by investigating the causal relationships of their facets via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). To do so, the Persian version of the ‘attitudes toward EIL’ scale was designed and validated. It measures five constructs of: cultural realism, ...

Since the initiation of Dörnyei’s (2009) L2 Motivational Self System model (L2MSS) in 2009, research on second language (L2) learning motivation has witnessed unprecedented achievements. This recent study offered a brief review significant findings that drew L2MSS framework from 2009 to 2021. Studies included this were categorized by two universal approaches: quantitative and qualitative. Besid...

The study detailed in this article investigates the connection between L2 competency level of Vietnamese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners and Dörnyei's (2005, 2009) Second Motivational Self System (L2MSS). Descriptive inferential analyses collected data revealed expected—that components L2MSS were good predictor learners’ intended learning efforts. However, also established that lea...