We introduce a new knowledge operator called ``knowing whether.'' Knowing whether an event occurred means either knowing that it occurred or knowing that it did not occur. We demonstrate the following difference between ``knowing whether'' and ``knowing that.'' In a multiple agent model, a sequence of events generated by successively applying ``knowing that'' operators, or their negations, may ...

Soc. ...I speak of what I scarcely understand; but the soul when thinking appears to me to be just talking—asking questions of herself and answering them, affirming and denying. And when she has arrived at a decision, either gradually or by a sudden impulse, and has at last agreed, and does not doubt, this is called her opinion. I say, then, that to form an opinion is to speak, and opinion is a...

Outdoor education has traditionally dealt with sources of knowledge that originate within the experience itself. This situated source exists in tension with more traditional modes of institutionalized learning which emphasize knowledge as an objectified curriculum content. Two types of knowing emerge: one reflected in a more practical knowing how, the other in a more theoretical knowing that. T...

On a cold day between Christmas and New Year 1961, in search of a place to study, I met Heinz in his office at the Biological Computer Laboratory. I knew of him through a network of designers who, like me, were interested in issues that conventional curricula did not address. Heinz greeted me, a total stranger, with the enthusiasm usually reserved for an old friend. To my surprise, he knew of t...