Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free cats were immunized with a combined vaccine composed of killed feline leukemia virus and killed feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen-containing tumor cells. Immunization induced feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen antibody titers ranging from 1:32 to 1:256 but did not elicit detectable virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Kitt...

An outbreak of influenza H1N1 in 2009, representing the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century, was transmitted to over a million individuals and claimed 18,449 lives. The current status in many countries is to prepare influenza vaccine using cell-based or egg-based killed vaccine. However, traditional influenza vaccine platforms have several limitations. To overcome these limitations, ma...

Vaccination has been an important component of preventative health care programs of North American zoologic institutions in their protection of valuable species against West Nile virus (WNV) infection since its detection in 1999. Although approved only for horses, commercial WNV vaccine has been used for the purpose of protection of nondomestic species, including avian, equid, and rhinoceros sp...

1. Rabbits vaccinated with tubercle bacilli killed by exposure to formalin (0.4 per cent) did not show any acquired resistance to subsequent infection with bovine tubercle bacilli, while rabbits vaccinated with tubercle bacilli which had been killed by heating to 70 degrees for 1 hour survived more than half as long again as their controls. 2. Intraperitoneal injection of either the formalin-ki...

Between January 1991 and July 1 993, 1 7 1 ,400 individuals living in Chingleput District, South India, were recruited into a major leprosy vaccine trial organized by the Indian Council for Medical Research. The participants were randomized to receive a placebo, a plain BCG vaccine, a combination of BCG plus killed leprosy bacilli, or else a killed environmental mycobacterial vaccine : either '...

Considering the circulation of Bordetella pertussis clinical strains among populations with high vaccination coverage, it is necessary to have a proper understanding of this bacterium causing whooping cough. Various techniques, which are available for studying B. pertussis, can facilitate a proper comparison between different populations. We genotypically analyzed a collection of two vaccine st...

After immunization with either live or heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium, mice responded with an extremely rapid production of bactericidal antibody which was correlated with the appearance of immunity to a heavy challenge dose (100 ld(50)) of the virulent bacteria. Inactivation of sera with mercaptoethanol along with Sephadex fractionation indicated that the observed bactericidal activity was...

The development of an efficient prophylactic HIV vaccine has been one of the major challenges in infectious disease research during the last three decades. Here, we present a mini review on strategies employed for the development of HIV vaccines with an emphasis on a well-established vaccine technology, the killed whole-virus vaccine approach. Recently, we reported an evaluation of the safety a...

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