The city of Karbala w distinguished by its ancient history and civilization, as it played an essential economic commercial role in addition to well-known cultural religious place throughout different ages; this generated need for many related functional buildings. As a result, markets khanate have appeared, where they were geographically distributed between the center old external roads within ...

This article is about an outstanding political figure Yelü Chucai (1189–1242), who was the main advisor of Mongol khans. Due to his excellent abilities and skills, he managed play a significant role at court Ögedei Khan (1186–1241), as well in elaboration tax policy used Northern China. contributed creation symbiosis nomadic Mongolian sedentary Chinese civilisations that took shape during Yuan ...

During the ?ield trip to Piedmont and Mountainous Daghestan in 2022 authors studied “Delet- Qaburlar” cemetery village of Nizhnii Dzhengutai, which was capital a major local political entity Mekhtulla Khanate had existfrom middle 17 th century 1867. At cemetery, previousl unsearched tombstones last representatives dynasty were found. On these tombstones, names buried, date their death auspiciou...

The article analyzes data on the life and activity of Muhammad Yaqubbek (1820-1877) who was former ruler Yettishahar state (1864-1877) in Khuqand khanate (1709-1876). most scientists paid attention to enlighten role questions connected Yettishahr (1864-1877). Historian did not describe enough issues related his early activities. biography Yaqubbek, political Khuqand, titles, fight against troop...

one of the rich families of azerbaijan during mongol and ilkhanid period was “jamā‘at-e malekān” of tabriz. the persons of this family had rulership in tabriz and its districts and were nobles and respected persons for the mongol khans including holagu (rule: 651-663). some personalities of this family, like malek mahmūd, amīr majd al-dīn muhammad and abu al-majd tabrizi, were poets and scholar...

This paper offers a reexamination of the role Nogai (c.1237–1300) in Golden Horde. Commonly portrayed as an almighty khanmaker appointing Jochid khans at will, I argue that this is creation secondary literature. Instead, based on rereading relevant primary sources, for far more limited within Horde’s politics. While influential both military commander (first beylerbeyi and then tammachi ) elder...