at the beginning of 20th century, psychology got a special status in contemporary criticism (or critical approaches) through the theories of freud and jung. literary works were being criticized by such approaches on the basis of the text sender (author or poet), after a while, with the rise of other psychological schools – such as gestalt- they started to be criticized on the basis of their inf...

Endocrinology defined earlier as the study of cell communication via messenger molecules or hormones transversing extracellular space, now extends to inter and intra cellular spaces. Development of the understanding of functioning of endocrine glands parallels the evolution of clinical sciences in the history of medicine. For example Rhazes, died 925 A.D, discussed in detail the sex organs and ...

This paper investigates some of the ways that Chinese medicine has been transferred to the Western world and to Islamic territories. During the Golden Age of Islam (8th to 13th century CE), the herbal drug trade promoted significant commercial and scientific exchange between China and the Muslim world. Chinese herbal drugs have been described by medieval Muslim medical scholars such as Tabari (...

Background: Pterygium is one of the eye diseases that have been a subject of interest since ancient times. The aim of this study was to trace back the methods of diagnosis and treatment of pterygium throughout the history of Islamic civilization and to learn about the drugs and the related surgical instruments used to treat it. Methods: We searched all availab...

CONTEXT Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders characterized by sleep difficulty that impairs daily functioning and reduces quality of life. The burden of medical, psychiatric, interpersonal, and societal consequences of insomnia expresses the importance of diagnosing and treatment of insomnia. The aim of study was to investigate causes of insomnia from the viewpoint of Iranian t...

Throughout the history of tradition Islamic studies, there have been various works ‘ulum al-hadith that produced by hadith scholars. These differ in their writing methodology from one work to another. To understand differences, a study each and background author is very necessary be conducted reveal explain it. Thus, this aims introduce figures discipline named Sheikh ‘Abd al-Hay al-Laknawi (d....

In the previous article under the above title a brief introduction of two rare and most valuable medical manuscripts of the Qutub Shahi period viz. IKHTIYARAT-E·QUTUB SHAHI and RISAL-E-MEQDARIAH, was presented. Now, a brief not e on three such manuscripts is being presented in this article. The names of these manuscripts are TARJUMA-E-TAZKERAT-UL KEHHALEEN. ZUBDAT·UL-HIKAM and TIBB-E-FAREEO, wh...

context: insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders characterized by sleep difficulty that impairs daily functioning and reduces quality of life. the burden of medical, psychiatric, interpersonal, and societal consequences of insomnia expresses the importance of diagnosing and treatment of insomnia. the aim of study was to investigate causes of insomnia from the viewpoint of iranian ...