This paper presents a basic database for the joint actions of 44 binary mixtures of various organic toxicants on Escherichia coli. The multiple toxicity behaviors observed from the E. coli organisms were analyzed and compared with previous works based on the Microtox tests. The two kinds of tests produced quite different responses, in terms of the joint action mode and the sum of toxic units, t...

The majority of industrial organic chemicals lack identifiable structural characteristics that result in specific biological activity. These nonpolar-nonelectrolytes are acutely toxic to aquatic organisms via a nonspecific mode of action termed narcosis. The toxicity of industrial chemicals eliciting nonpolar narcosis can be reliably predicted by log P (baseline toxicity models). Using single c...

A variety of different fungicides are found simultaneously in surface waters, among which demethylase inhibitors (DMIs) are a major group. The joint toxicity of four DMIs from different chemical classes (Fenarimol, Prochloraz, Triadimefon and Pyrifenox) was investigated in the reproduction test with Daphnia magna, following an extended protocol according to ISO 10706. We assessed the toxicity o...

Building and maintaining common ground is vital for effective collaboration in CSCW. Moreover, subtle changes a CSCW user interface can significantly impact grounding collaborative processes. Yet, researchers technology designers lack tools to understand how specific designs may hinder or facilitate communication grounding. In this work, we leverage the well-established theory of develop visual...

The joint toxic effects of known binary and multiple organic chemical mixtures to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were defined at both the 96-h 50% lethal effect concentration (LC50) and sublethal (32-d growth) response levels for toxicants with a narcosis I, narcosis II, or uncoupler of oxidative phosphoralation mode of toxic action. Experiments were designed to define the degree of a...

The joint toxicity of esfenvalerate and chlorpyrifos to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and the aquatic midge larvae (Chironomus tentans) was determined using comparisons to independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA) models. Equipotent mixtures of the two insecticides were used for initial testing of both species. A secondary study evaluating the effects of low-level chlor...

Examination of the available joint toxic action data, presented in Section 2.2, reveals that no health effects data are available for the complete mixture, or for ternary or quaternary submixtures. Because suitable data, joint action models, and PBPK models are lacking for the complete mixture, the recommended approach for the exposure-based assessment of joint toxic action of this mixture is t...