In continuous ink jet systems, streams of ∼10 pL liquid droplets (diameter ∼30 μm) are ejected from an orifice at rates of up to 350 000 per second with velocities in excess of 20 m s−1. Applications as diverse as printing, MEMS fabrication and microarraying benefit from this technology; however, reliable manipulation of the jet, including basic on/off control and steering of the liquid droplet...

Jupiter’s Great Red Spot (GRS) has been observed in sufficient detail that we can use it to determine properties of the jovian atmosphere that cannot otherwise be found. These properties include: the potential vorticity of the GRS and its neighboring zonal jet streams, the shear imposed on the GRS by the jet streams, and the vertical entropy gradient (i.e., Rossby deformation radius). We show t...

The east-west striped pattern of clouds in Jupiter's weather layer is accompanied by a zonal flow containing 12 eastward-going jet streams alternating in latitude with westward-going jet streams. Based on theory, simulation and observations of the Earth's oceans and atmosphere, it is conjectured that Jupiter's weather layer is made of bands of constant potential vorticity (PV), where the interf...

A model for the kinematic eddy viscosity has been developed which accounts for the turbulence produced as a result of jet interactions between adjacent streams as well as the turbulence initially present in the streams. In order to describe the turbulence contribution from jet interaction, the eddy viscosity suggested by Prandtl has been adopted, and a modification has been introduced to accoun...

It is now believed that frequent jet lag or shifts of daily rhythms caused by rotating shift work can lead to deleterious health outcomes. Indeed, many serious health problems, including breast cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular disease, have been linked to an occupational history of shift work. This has heightened interest in better understanding the biological responses to jet lag and shift w...

The dynamicalmechanisms underlying the transient circulation adjustment in the extratropical atmosphere after the instantaneous doubling of carbon dioxide are investigated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 3 coupled to a Slab Ocean Model. It is shown that the transient process during the first few months of integration is important in setting ...

Potential vorticity transport (PV)-Eliassen and Palm (EP) cross sections are studied for two contrasting years: 1995–1996 (La Niña) and 1997–1998 (El Niño). The results show that the largest differences in PV transport-EP fluxes between El Niño and La Niña events occur in winter in both hemispheres, but the changes are higher in the Northern Hemisphere. PV transport-EP fluxes are stronger in bo...

abstract in the present article, effective parameters of the buoyant jets have been evaluated in the stagnant ambient fluid. the jet parameters, geometry parameters and environmental parameters are investigated. using dimensional analysis, a set of dimensionless functions was obtained. to achieve the exact functions, a physical model was built in the hydraulic laboratory of shahid chamran unive...