Employment Effects of Payroll Taxes An Empirical Test for Germany* This study tests to what degree the incidence of payroll taxes in Germany is on employment and whether in consequence payroll taxes, in particular social insurance contributions, are the culprit behind the growing unemployment problem. Using industry level data for 18 years (1977-1994) we estimate a system of five interdependent...

We show that in microdata, as well a search and matching model with flexible wages for new hires, wage rigidities of incumbent workers have substantial effects on separations unemployment volatility. Allowing an empirically relevant degree drives volatility the vacancies tightness to data. Thus, rigidity newly hired is not sufficient statistic determining effect macroeconomic outcomes. This fin...

We assess South African workseekers’ skills and disseminate the assessment results to explore how limited information affects firm workseeker behavior. Giving workseekers that they can credibly share with firms increases employment earnings better aligns their skills, beliefs search strategies. cannot easily has similar effects on search, but smaller earnings. only shifts interview decisions. T...

We study a reform that granted European cross-border workers free access to the Swiss labor market and had stronger effect on regions close border. The greater availability of increased foreign employment substantially. Although many were highly educated, wages educated natives increased. reason is simultaneous increase in demand: size, productivity, innovation performance skill-intensive incum...

We study how search frictions in the labor market affect firms’ ability to recruit talented workers. In a field experiment Ethiopia, we show that an employer can attract more applicants by offering small monetary incentive for making job application. Estimates from structural model suggest intervention is effective because cost of application large, and positively correlated with jobseeker abil...

The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize bacteriocins produced by 2 Lactobacillus fermentum strains isolated from artisanal Mexican Cocido cheese. Fractions (F ≤3 kDa) obtained cell-free supernatants Lb. J23 J32 were further fractionated reversed-phase HPLC on a C18 column. Antimicrobial activities F kDa bacteriocin-containing fractions (BCF), fractionation against 4 indicator micro...

The responsiveness of job creation to shocks is procyclical, while the destruction countercyclical. This new finding can be explained by a heterogeneous-firm model in which hiring costs lead lumpy employment adjustment. predicts that policies aim stimulate encouraging creation, such as subsidies, are significantly less effective recessions: these times when few firms near their thresholds and m...

We document that government spending multipliers depend on the population age structure. Using variation in military and birth rates across US states, we show local fiscal multiplier is 1.5 increases with share of young people, implying 1.1–1.9 interquartile range. A parsimonious life cycle open economy New Keynesian model credit market imperfections age-specific differences labor supply demand...

This paper constructs an equilibrium matching model with risk-averse workers and incomplete markets that can be used to study both the optimal private provision of severance pay and the allocational and welfare consequences of government intervention mandating payments in excess of the private optimum. A binding mandate decreases equilibrium employment if unemployment benefits are not too respo...