This study examines the effect of a tightening US air quality standard for lead in 2009 on relocation battery recycling to Mexico and infant health Mexico. In United States, airborne dropped sharply near affected plants, most which were battery-recycling plants. Exports used batteries rose markedly. Mexico, production increased at plants relative comparable industries, birth outcomes deteriorat...

This study identifies the causal effect of pension generosity on women’s fertility behavior. It capitalizes Brazil’s expansion system to rural workers, whose wealth subsequently more than tripled. Difference-in-difference, instrumental variable, and event methods show that reform reduces propensity childbearing women fertile age by 8 percent in short run. Completed declines 1.3 children within ...

We evaluate an intervention targeting early life nutrition and well-being for households in extreme poverty Northern Nigeria. The leads to large sustained improvements children’s anthropometric health outcomes, including 8 percent reduction stunting 4 years, post-intervention. These impacts are partly driven by information-related channels. However, the certain substantial flow of cash transfer...

This article reviews the global health and economic consequences of 1918 influenza pandemic, with a particular focus on topics that have seen renewed interest because COVID-19. We begin by providing an overview key contextual epidemiological details as well data are available to researchers. then examine effects mortality, fertility, economy in short medium run. The role non-pharmaceutical inte...

A childhood intervention to improve the social skills and self-control of at-risk kindergarten boys in 1980s had positive impacts over life course: higher trust as adolescents; increased group membership, education, reduced criminality young adults; marriage employment adults. Using administrative data, we find this average yearly income by about 20 percent decreased transfers almost 40 percent...

In many models, economic growth is driven by people discovering new ideas. These models typically assume either a constant or growing population. However, in high income countries today, fertility already below its replacement rate: women are having fewer than two children on average. It distinct possibility that global population will decline rather stabilize the long run. standard this has pr...

This paper presents an evolutionary growth theory that captures the interplay between the evolution of mankind and economic growth since the emergence of the human species. This uni"ed theory encompasses the observed evolution of population, technology and income per capita in the long transition from an epoch of Malthusian stagnation to sustained economic growth. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All...

The Technology of Skill Formation This paper develops a model of skill formation that explains a variety of findings established in the child development and child intervention literatures. At its core is a technology that is stage-specific and that features self productivity, dynamic complementarity and skill multipliers. Lessons are drawn for the design of new policies to alleviate the conseq...

The Supply of Child Labour The paper develops a theoretical framework, and a diagrammatic apparatus, for explaining the supply of child labour. It examines the effect of credit, insurance, and poverty (defined as more than just low income). It also explains bonded child labour, a modern form of slavery closely associated with the worst forms of child exploitation. The analysis is positive, but ...

We show that measurement error in the constructed price of child care can explain why previous Australian studies have found partnered women’s labour supply to be unresponsive to child care prices. Through improved data and improved construction of the child care price variable, we find child care price elasticities that are statistically significant, negative and in line with elasticities foun...