The machine Gilbert Ryle expressed the scepticism of the age when he disparagingly referred to the traditional notion of man as composed of a spirit interacting with a brain as ‘the ghost in the machine’. For centuries dualism had been the prevalent view amongst philosophers, found embryonically in Plato and reaching its classical statement in Descartes. Man’s composite nature has also been ass...

one aspect of self-knowledge is consisted of interaction between soul and actions, ethics and knowledge. according to sadrā's opinion, soul is united with its acquired knowledge and long-term dispositions. the main principles of the theory include:nivocal of entity, (principality of existence) and its gradation) substantial motion of soul,identity of the knower and the known,bodily conting...

In this study, we investigated the “heat phantom sensation” induced by thermal stimulation of two points. Phantom sensations are tactile illusions induced at a point between two or more stimuli, and have been demonstrated to occur in the event of vibration stimulation. However, their induction by thermal stimuli has not been fully investigated. We confirmed the existence of a heat phantom sensa...

We would like to thank Kim et al. for appreciating the importance of our work [1]. It should be noted that the introduction of a disk shaped heat pipe by us in the cited paper was done for the very first time in the literature and our comprehensive analytical results for the disk-shaped and rectangular-shaped heat pipes constitute the very first such analysis in the literature. In summary, we a...

In Book Four of Plato's Republic, Socrates divides the soul. He argues that because one thing cannot do or undergo opposites in the same respect, in the same relation, and at the same time, some cases of psychological conflict can only be explained by supposing that the soul is actually more than one thing. But Socrates does not seem to deny that the soul is a unity. Rather, he seems to hold th...

the aim of this article is to examine avicenna’s theory of the immortality of human soul. avicenna believes in immortality of the soul and resurrection of the body but he engages in a philosophical investigation about the former not the latter. according to his view, religion has talked of resurrection of the body in detail. the picture he presented of the immortality of the soul, viz spiritual...

in order to arrive at a better understanding of resurrecting individuals, one should consider theories of soul and, more specifically, that saying the sameness between soul and temperament. advocates of this theory assert that soul is the efficient cause for the appearance of biotic effects. they also maintain that this efficient cause (i.e. soul) is an accident called temperament and, hence, s...

There is no doubt that occidental conceptions of health and disease harbour Cartesian assumptions thus unfolding far-reaching social and political implications. In accordance with the opinion of medical historians, ethicists and epistemologists, the dualistic image of humanity (Menschenbild) exerted a determining impact on medical science and practice most notably since the dissemination of Des...