there are some evidences on elamite seals that show iranian people had enough knowledge to construct small dome on cylindrical spaces like silo in the third millennium bc. but the foundations of large dome over square spaces were formed in the parthian period. bazeh-hur dome chamber with the corners of wood in khorasan province is the most ancient dome from the sasanian dynasty. since the sasan...

As an inseparable organ, courtyards have influenced the history of architecture with their presence in the context of constructed sites and in a wider sense (architecture), it has provided permissive answers to numerous aspects of climatic, cultural and security demands of the residents. Discovering different aspects of environmental and climatic function in the central courtyard of the traditi...

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Iwan Simatupang the great writer was born on January 18, 1928. Lots of his works have been translated into various languages, while demand for reprints continues to increase. Simatupang's "Kering" is not only in a physical sense but more contemplative nature. With adventures carried out, he describes how actors are afflicted with psychological, spiritual, ideas, and ready be swallowed by termit...

Quality is a highly esoteric concept which compels theorists to offer different explanations. Based on library resources, quality can be defined as an interaction between individuals and their environment, which is caused by a set of environmental components differing in each environment. This paper studied the concept of quality in public courtyards. The Mausoleum of Shah Ni’mat-Allah Vali, wh...

On the basis of a newly performed cladistic analysis a new classification of the representatives of two Afrotropical tenebrionid genera, Ectateus Koch, 1956 and Selinus Mulsant & Rey, 1853 sensu Iwan 2002a, is provided. Eleoselinus is described as a new genus. The genus Monodius, previously synonymized with Selinus by Iwan (2002), is redescribed and considered as a separate genus. Following new...