This paper investigates the impact of spatial zoning restrictions on retail market outcomes. We estimate a structural model of entry, location and format choice across a large number of markets in the presence of zoning restrictions. The paper contributes to the literature in three ways: First, the paper demonstrates that the omission of zoning restrictions in t...

In this paper we present an alternative strategy to define zoning for handwriting recog19 nition, which is based on nonsymmetrical perceptual zoning. The idea is to extract some knowledge from the confusion matrices in order to make the zoning process less 21 empirical. The feature set considered in this work is based on concavities/convexities deficiencies, which are obtained by labeling the b...

This paper investigates the impact of spatial zoning restrictions on retail market outcomes. We estimate a structural model of entry, location and format choice across a large number of markets in the presence of zoning restrictions. The paper contributes to the literature in three ways: First, the paper demonstrates that estimates of factors affecting market potential and competitive intensity...

BACKGROUND In response to traditional zoning codes that contribute to car-dependent sprawling and disconnected neighborhoods, communities are reforming their land use laws to create pedestrian-friendly areas that promote physical activity. One such reform is the adoption of transit-oriented developments or districts (TODs). TODs are higher density, compact, and mixed use areas located around tr...

Protected areas worldwide are facing increasing pressures to co-manage human development and biodiversity conservation. One strategy for managing multiple uses within and around protected areas is zoning, an approach in which spatial boundaries are drawn to distinguish areas with varying degrees of allowable human impacts. However, zoning designations are rarely evaluated for their efficacy usi...

This paper presents a survey on zoning methods for handwritten character recognition. Through the analysis of the relevant literature in the field, the most valuable zoning methods are presented in terms of both topologies and membership functions. Throughout the paper, diverse zoning topologies are presented based on both static and adaptive approaches. Concerning static approaches, uniform an...

Housing growth has been widely shown to be negatively correlated with wildlife populations, avian richness, anadromous fish, and exotic invasion. Zoning is the most frequently used public policy to manage housing development and is often motivated by a desire to protect the environment. Zoning is also pervasive, taking place in all 50 states. One relevant question that has received little resea...

In the field of Optical Character Recognition (OCR), zoning is used to extract topological information from patterns. In this paper zoning is considered as the result of an optimisation problem and a new technique is presented for automatic zoning. More precisely, local analysis of feature distribution based on Shannon’s entropy estimation is performed to determine “core” zones of patterns. An ...

In this paper we present an alternative strategy to define zoning for handwriting recognition, which is based on nonsymmetrical perceptual zoning. The idea is to extract some knowledge from the confusion matrices in order to make the zoning process less empirical. The feature set considered in this work is based on concavities/convexities deficiencies, which are obtained by labeling the backgro...

BACKGROUND Improvements in the built environment and changes in land-use policy are promising approaches to increasing physical activity among a largely sedentary population. Opportunities for walking and cycling as part of daily life are important to increasing physical activity and improving health. Yet, local zoning codes and related land-use regulations have made it difficult to create vibr...