Case presentation: K.D.S.P, male, 3 years old. The mother reports from the age of 6 months, child began with seizures characterized as generalized tonic-clonic, ocular eversion, lasting less than five minutes, at a frequency 2 seizures/day. Associated to this, he presents delayed neuropsychomotor development. Physical examination: patient did not present cervical control and was unresponsive st...

PURPOSE Tonic seizures and the tonic phase of tonic-clonic epileptic seizures are defined as "sustained tonic" muscle contraction lasting a few seconds to minutes. Visual inspection of the surface electromyogram (EMG) during seizures contributed considerably to a better understanding and accurate diagnosis of several seizure types. However, quantitative analysis of the surface EMG during the ep...

bulbospinal noradrenergic pathways are shown to have an important role in descending inhibition of pain sensation. locus ceruleus (lc), as a rich noradrenergic nucleus in the brain stem which has projections into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, was evaluated for antinociceptive activity by using tonic and phasic pain models in the rat. lc-lesioned rats demonstrated moderate increase in both...

Various types of dietary supplements (DS) are popularly taken by young individuals. We surveyed 1,190 Korean senior high school third grade students for their DS use, motivational factors for this use, and potential dietary consequences of vitamin/mineral supplement (VMS) use. The use prevalence of DS-including VMS, tonic medicines, manufactured health food supplements, cordial food supplements...

Tonic inhibition is widely believed to be caused solely by "spillover" of GABA that escapes the synaptic cleft and activates extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors. However, an exclusively vesicular source is not consistent with the observation that tonic inhibition can still occur after blocking vesicular release. Here, we made patch-clamp recordings from neurons in rat hippocampal cultures and measu...