The steel-making and continuous casting system (SCCS) is the bottleneck in the iron and steel production, SCCS often involve various uncertainties such as the emergency customer orders, inaccurate estimate of ingredient components, the unpredictable machine breakdown or the inaccurate estimate of processing time. How to consider such uncertainties to build a better schedule in a limited time by...

Iron and steel industry is a crucial basic section for most of the industrial activities. This industry provides the primary materials for construction, automobile, machinery and many other businesses. Furthermore, the iron and steel manufacturing is highly energy consuming. The influence of an efficient process control on the cost and energy reduction and environmental effects in iron and stee...

During the last ten years or so, a number of statutory provisions have been enacted with the eventual object of controlling and restricting the amount of pollution which can be permitted or tolerated in the water systems of the European Continent. Against this background the authors examine the iron and steel industry as it exists in France, tabulating the principal processes likely to be encou...

The integrated scheduling problem of steel-making and continuous casting is discussed. To solve the problem we develop a scheduling system with the architecture of three tiers. Its main functions include: schedule making and adjusting, matching and optimization, abnormal logistics handling and production information management. A hybrid heuristic and optimization algorithm is developed for the ...

Ferrous metals include cast iron, steel, and the various steel alloys, The only difference between iron and steel is the carbon content. Cast iron contains more than 2-percent carbon, while steel contains less than 2 percent. An alloy is a substance composed of two or more elements. Therefore, all steels are an alloy of iron and carbon, but the term “alloy steel” normally refers to a steel that...

grate bar is an industrial part which is used in the indurating furnace of an iron ore pelletizing plant. steel part ofthe grate bars are expected to have high resistance to atmospheric oxidation because of its contact with hot gases(up to 920 °c) during the normal operation of the process. in this study, different samples from several sections ofused grate bars with apparent defects were selec...