The primary mode of action of local anesthetics is through sodium channel and axonal conduction blockade. Local anesthetics have also extensive effects on pre-synaptic calcium channels that must function to stimulate the release of neurotransmitters. Thus, interference with calcium channel conductance may enhance spinal anesthesia with local anesthetics. The present study was designed to invest...

The primary mode of action of local anesthetics is through sodium channel and axonal conduction blockade. Local anesthetics have also extensive effects on pre-synaptic calcium channels that must function to stimulate the release of neurotransmitters. Thus, interference with calcium channel conductance may enhance spinal anesthesia with local anesthetics. The present study was designed to invest...

BACKGROUND Although intrathecal clonidine produces pronounced analgesia, antinociceptive doses of intrathecal clonidine produce several side effects, including hypotension, bradycardia, and sedation. Intrathecal tizanidine, another alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist, has provided antinociception without producing pronounced hemodynamic changes in animal studies. However, it has been unclear whether an...

background: ketamine increases blood pressure and heart rate. propofol is an anesthetic drug with rapid recovery, but it causes respiratory depression, low heart rate and low blood pressure. combination of ketamine and propofol provides sedation, analgesia, and rapid recovery with hemodynamic stability and minimal respiratory depression. there have been a few studies about the effect of differe...

INTRODUCTION Cancer pain is one of the most frequently encountered pain syndromes. With the application of the World Health Organization analgesic ladder, adequate analgesia is achieved in 75% to 90% of patients. The remaining patients suffer from intractable pain requiring intrathecal analgesia. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse the pain intensity before and after intratheca...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CT myelography has historically been the test of choice for localization of CSF fistula in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. This study evaluates the additional benefits of intrathecal gadolinium MR myelography in the detection of CSF leak. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension w...

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous peptide for the NOP receptors. Depending on the doses, intrathecal administration of N/OFQ has dual actions (ie, hyperalgesia and antinociception) in rodents. However, the pharmacological profile of intrathecal N/OFQ is not fully known in primates. The aim of this study was to investigate behavioral effects of intrathecal N/OFQ over a wide dose r...

BACKGROUND Intrathecal baclofen pump has been used effectively with increasing frequency in patients with severe spasticity, particularly for those patients who are unresponsive to conservative pharmacotherapy or develop intolerable side effects at therapeutic doses of oral baclofen. Drowsiness, nausea, headache, muscle weakness, light-headedness and return of pretreatment spasticity can be cau...

Ozone is widely used to relieve chronic pain clinically, but the precise mechanisms governing its action have yet be elucidated. The present study aimed investigate underlying pain‑alleviating effect of ozone in constriction injury (CCI) model sciatic nerve rats. Pain behaviours rats were assessed by mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. expression spinal glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6) N...