Solitary plasmacytoma of bone is a rare malignant tumor mostly involving the axial skeleton. The tumor occurs in middle- aged or elderly people (mean age: 55 years) and has a high risk of progression to multiple myeloma. Radiotherapy is the preferred treatment for this disease. We report a case of recurrent solitary plasmacytoma of the fourth lumbar vertebra in a 35-year-old male. The patient s...

Neuropathic pain is intractable pain caused by damage to the nervous system. Recent approval and expansion of the indications of a series of drugs are expected to improve the treatment strategies for neuropathic pain. Here, we present an outline of pain transmission pathways and relevant pharmacological effects, along with points to consider in the use of neuropathic pain medications according ...

The response to painful stimulation depends not only on peripheral nociceptive input but also on the cognitive and affective context in which pain occurs. One contextual variable that affects the neural and behavioral response to nociceptive stimulation is the degree to which pain is perceived to be controllable. Previous studies indicate that perceived controllability affects pain tolerance, l...