objectives: this study aimed to evaluate the effects of saliva contamination on the metallic bracket microleakage bonded with two moisture-tolerant bonding systems. materials and methods:  ninety freshly extracted premolar teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 15 with the following treatments: g1 (control): after acid etching, assure primer and assure adhesive were applied to non-conta...

We introduce a formal model of inconsistency-related mode confusion. This forms the basis of a heuristic methodology for critiquing user interfaces, using a matrix algebra approach to interface specification [12]. We also present a novel algorithm for automatically identifying modes in state-based interface designs, allowing a significant level of automated tool support for our methodology. The...

Genetic epidemiology is a hybrid discipline with a relatively short history of less than 50 years. The first mention of "epidemiologic genetics" can be found in the 1954 book by Neel and Schull (1), who suggested that the two parent disciplines must consider each other's strategies when studying common diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease that reflect joint effects of both genes...

User interfaces are becoming critical to the success of software products. However, de~igning and evaluating user interfaces is difficult and time-consuming. There are many reasons why a focus on the user interface is important and why user interface design and evaluation are inherently difficult tasks (1). The importance of a focus on human-computer interaction has been recognized by industry,...

the use of methods employed for estimating the strength and toughness of composites reduces the trial-and-error in their design. the strength of interface between reinforcement and matrix and the effective surface of pulled-out particles have great influences on toughness and strength of these composites. in this study, a model was proposed to estimate the interface strength and matrix strength...