this paper demonstrates a method to how reserve capacity and cost allocation could be determined in a pool-based and disaggregated market model. the method considers both the spinning reserve and interruptible loads as the operating reserve services. in the proposed market, generators and consumers (including participation of interruptible loads) submit offers and bids to the independent system...

This paper studies stock and mutual life insurance company formations in the first half of the 20th century. A common belief is that the growth of state consumer protection regulation rendered the mutual form irrelevant, but the paper finds little evidence connecting such regulation with declines in the form’s popularity. The exception is the initial capital requirement. Mutuals were formed alm...

BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) or brain reserve capacity explains why individuals with higher IQ, education, or occupational attainment have lower risks of developing dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia (VaD). The CR hypothesis postulates that CR reduces the prevalence and incidence of AD or VaD. It also hypothesizes that among those who have greater initial cognitive res...

BACKGROUND The Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation (FAME) 2 trial demonstrated a significant reduction in subsequent coronary revascularization among patients with stable angina and at least 1 coronary lesion with a fractional flow reserve ≤0.80 who were randomized to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with best medical therapy. The economic and ...

Background: Because the ovarian follicle pool is established in utero, adverse exposures during this period may be especially impactful on the size and health of the initial follicle endowment, potentially shaping trajectories of ovarian follicle loss and the eventual onset of menopause. Building on a robust literature linking socioeconomic status (SES) and menopausal timing, the current study ...

we studied 11 gaps covered with beech saplings (< 1.30 m tall) in a reserve compartment (compartment 139, district one, langa forest, watershed 36: kazemrood) of the caspian beech forest in n iran. two transects, each 2 m wide, were laid along the longest (n-s) and shortest (e-w) axis of each gap. five micro sample plots, each 4 m2, were established: one at the center, and one at each corner. q...

For general risk processes, we introduce and study the expected time-integrated negative part of the process on a fixed time interval. Differentiation theorems are stated and proved. They make it possible to derive the expected value of this risk measure, and to link it with the average total time below 0, studied by Dos Reis, and the probability of ruin. We carry out differentiation of other f...

The current trends to postpone motherhood and the increase in demand for assistance in reproductive medicine highlight the need for seeking guidelines for the establishment of individualized treatment protocols. Currently available ovarian reserve tests do not provide sufficient evidence to be solely considered ideal, but they may occupy important place in initial counseling, predicting unsatis...

In second-price or English auctions involving symmetric, independent, private-value bidders the equilibrium outcome may not be efficient if resale is allowed. In addition to the efficient, symmetric equilibrium there exist inefficient, asymmetric equilibria in which the bidder who wins the item offers it for resale to the losers. For the case where the reserve price in the initial auction equal...