the abbasid era has been the period of florescence of the islamic culture and civilization. literature was of great contention in this era.the present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theories of literary criticism by critics.

Our response to Badecker’s paper (this issue) is organized as follows: First, we review the theoretical framework and the findings of our original report (Canseco-Gonzalez, Shapiro, Zurif, & Baker, 1990). With this as background, we deal with each of Badecker’s criticisms. It has been persuasively argued that the mind is modular in characterthat the specific properties and principles that figur...

The use of “should” in the applied translation studies such as translators training, translation aids and translation criticism has proved to be one of the most important tools for progress in the discipline since Holme put forward the basic map of Translation Studies. In this paper, the author discusses mainly the use of “should” in translation criticism, arguing that, the many advantages to b...