Urbanization is a process globally responsible for loss of biodiversity and for biological homogenization. Urbanization may have a direct negative impact on species behaviour and indirect effects on species populations through alterations of their habitats, for example patch size and habitat quality. Woodpeckers are species potentially susceptible to urbanization. These birds are mostly forest ...

This review describes the world of edges in submerged vegetated marine canopies (seagrasses, saltmarshes, and seaweeds) where an edge is a boundary with frontal area separating vegetation from adjacent non-vegetated zones. Plants within are made flexible elements pronating direction flow oscillating back forth response to wave forcing. Some them also occupy full height water body. The analysis ...

Natural habitats adjacent to human-modified areas often suffer edge effects stemming from physical disturbance, elevated predator densities, or invasive species. Although seldom documented, detrimental edge effects can also occur at natural ecological boundaries. Here I examine the spatial pattern and ecological effects of a biological invasion at well-delineated and abrupt edges between ripari...

The literature on herbivorous insects in heterogeneous habitats has addressed insect population responses to patch size, distance from source populations, habitat edges, and variation in host stemdensity. Studies typically conclude that insect colonists respondpositively to the area of host plant patches, but there is little consensus on how insects respond to variation in host density at the p...

an investigation was carried out during april to december 2000 to study mosquito fauna and ecology in guilan prov ince of northern iran. the mosquito larvae were collected by dipping method and larval habitat characteristics recorded ac cording to hydro-ecological features. in total, 3937 larvae of the genus culex from 92 larval breeding sites were collected. six spe cies of the genus culex; cx...