How a person assesses the wellbeing derived from income is often determined as much by its contrast with a reference point as by the level of income itself. In this paper, I use a household survey from Mexico to examine how subjective poverty assessments not only depend on the absolute level of income, but on how it compares to three reference points: the income of a reference group, the level ...

The Easterlin paradox questions the way income can enter a utility function. Individuals are said to be sensitive not to the level of their income, but to their relative income as measured by the ratio between their income and the mean income of their reference group. We propose a reference group based on human capital and relate well-being to income dynamics using panel data with income variat...

— One of the most frequent critiques of the HDI is that it does not take into account inequality within countries. We suggest a methodology which allows to compute the three components and the overall HDI for quintiles of the income distribution. This allows comparisons of the level in human development of the poor and non-poor within and across countries. An empirical illustration shows large ...

â housing as the smallest element of the habitats is one of the most important urban usage and one of the major development indices of a country. the purpose of this paper is investigation of housing situation of income groups and estimation of low income groups housing using statistical techniques in housing programming. this paper attempts to investigate the housing situation of income group ...

THE AGED as a group receive income from many sources. But the relative importance of the sources of money income varies greatly between the group with the highest, income and the middle-income and low-income groups. Nonbeneficiaries in the low-income groups are dependent on public assistance and veterans’ benefits for most of their income. Earnings from employment are the largest source of inco...