introduction today exploiting the participation and the abilities of local people, particularly rural population, toward rural development has been considered as one of the effective strategies toward sustainable and comprehensive development of rural areas. the most important tool to achieve this goal is establishing ngos based on the needs as well as abilities of different groups living in th...

wild boar is distributed throughout iran except highly arid areas. in recent years, however, population size of wild boar has increased primarily because of reduction in population size of natural predators such as leopard. conversely, changes in land-use practices and increase in foraging of livestock in natural habitats has led to reduction of food resources and consequently, has forced the s...

conjoined twins, was a known type of birth in antiquity. it was mentioned in manuscripts and depicted in terracotta figurines and vase paintings. such findings were discovered in a variety of territories. religion, local cult, and simple iconography of a known phenomenon create a debate among scholars to annotate their discovery. gods and goddesses, magic figurines, sacred marriage, a binary hy...

participatory conservation, as bottom-up management, is currently the most acceptable modelfor management of protected areas across the world. social context is a central issue in the sustainablemanagement of conservation areas. it is also crucial to introducing participatory conservation. the newapproach therefore recognizes rural communities as key partners in biodiversity management and seek...

The aim of this paper is investigating the impacts of residents empowering in physical and environmental improvements in informal settlements. This place has some problems such as safety, health and environmental that Managers and municipal authorities should take action to fix them. In this regard The NGOs as an intermediary between the people and town officials could have a significant role i...

extended abstract 1. introduction in recent years, so many countries have paid many attention to tourism as a strategy to make money and benefit for the local communities. many researchers consider tourism an appropriate strategy for economic and social development of developing countries know. despite all the benefits of community-based tourism, in most developing countries, little authority i...