This study investigates the effect of various types trade impediments on Indonesia's flows. We categorize tariff measures, non-tariff measures (NTMs), and lack facilitation into at-the-border behind-the-border barriers. A gravity model is applied to a panel dataset covering 177 partners from 2007 2016. shows that protection remains high, particularly due increasing use NTMs. Furthermore, also c...

In a top-down, language-based design methodology, requirements can be specified in an executable format, reducing the ambiguity typically encountered with written requirements, and serving as the starting point for the evolution of more detailed requirements and design specifications. As part of the Rapid Prototyping of Application Specific Signal Processors (RASSP) program, a VHDL executable r...

Finding cost-effective management strategies to recover species declining due to multiple threats is challenging, especially when there are limited resources. Recent studies offer insights into how costs and threats can influence the best choice of management actions. However, when implementing management actions in the real-world, a range of impediments to management success often exist that c...

The measurement of impediments to trade in services within the APEC region is addressed in this paper. This work builds upon major methodological and practical issues encountered in measuring such impediments in the 1995 PECC Survey of Impediments to Trade and Investment in the APEC Region. Conceptual and measurement issues in deriving partial equilibrium estimates of the effects of service tra...

In the first, the consumer may try but be unsuccessful in the consumption of a product or service due to personal or environmental impediments. Personal impediments could be the price of the product, the features of the product not being up to the customer’s expectations etc. Environmental impediments include factors like the non-availability or limited availability of the desired products, cho...