Phenol is naturally found in some foods and animal wastes. It is also used as a disinfectant, insecticide and in some pharmaceutical products. Immunotoxicity is considered to be one of the harmful health effects of phenol. Propolis is a mixture of beeswax and resins; it has an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effect. This study investigates effect of propolis o...

We have successfully synthesized SiO2@(Y0.5Gd0.45Eu0.05)2O3 nanocomposites as a potential dual-modality nanoprobe for molecular imaging in vitro. However, their immunotoxicity assessment in vivo remains unknown. In this article, the in vitro biocompatibility of our dual-modality nanoprobes was assayed in terms of cell viability and apoptosis. In vivo immunotoxicity was investigated by monitorin...

The development of stable nanoparticles that can withstand the changing conditions experienced in a biological setting and also be of low toxicity and immunogenicity is of particular importance to address the problems associated with currently utilized nanotechnology-based therapeutics and diagnostics. The use of crosslinked nanoparticles continues to receive special impetus, due to their robus...

Introduction Immunotoxicity testing for biotechnology products such as human proteins and monoclonal antibodies is often conducted in nonhuman primates. These human proteins may not be pharmacologically active in rodents or may be immunogenic, such that rodents would develop neutralizing antibodies to the drug. These don’t appear to be very significant points!!! There are certain advantages to ...

The immunotoxic effects of chemicals are varied and markedly different depending on the underlying pathogenesis, namely, direct immunotoxicity (including immunosuppression, immunodepression, and immunostimulation), hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity. A large number of immunological endpoints and functional assays have been proposed for use as biomarkers of immunotoxicity, but they often lack se...

While zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been recognized to have promising applications in biomedicine, their immunotoxicity has been inconsistent and even contradictory. To address this issue, we investigated whether ZnO NPs with different size (20 or 100 nm) and electrostatic charge (positive or negative) would cause immunotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and explored their underlying mo...

As evidenced by recent documents prepared by the Office of Technology Assessment (9) and the National Research Council in 1992 (8) focusing on immunotoxicology, there has been growing interest and concern within the scientific and public communities on the capacity of environmental agents to perturb normal immune processes. The types of effects that may occur are often agent-specific as well as...