PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe recent progress concerning rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated autoantibodies, in particular antibodies to citrullinated proteins antigens. RECENT FINDINGS An increasingly diverse and RA-associated repertoire of antibodies has been defined over the last few years. These antibodies are preferentially, but not exclusively, reactive with posttranslationally modifie...

Immunology has thus far been of relatively limited help to physicians in interpreting the immunologic rOle of specific tissue reactions that accompany bacterial invasion. The immunologist has been of outstanding help in bringing to light the defensive properties of the fluids with their antibodies, and of the phagocytes. In interpreting the reactions of the fixed tissues against bacterial attac...

Plant proteins with domains rich in leucine repeats play important roles detecting pathogens and triggering defense reactions, both at the cellular surface for pattern-triggered immunity cell to ensure effector-triggered immunity. As intracellular parasites, viruses are mostly detected intracellularly by a nucleotide binding site leucine-rich but receptor-like kinases repeats, known localize su...