Future IGS receivers are considered against the backdrop of GNSS signal modernization and the IGS’s goal of further improving the accuracy of its products. The purpose of this paper is to provide IGS members with a guide to making decisions about GNSS receivers. Modernized GNSS signals are analyzed with a view toward IGS applications. A schedule for minimum IGS receiver requirements is proposed...

OBJECTIVE Although image-guided surgery (IGS) is considered a valuable tool, its impact on perioperative morbidity for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) remains unclear. The evidence from reported literature is systematically reviewed with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (1946 to September 14, 2012, week 2) and EMBASE (1974 to September 14, 2012, week 37). REVIEW METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE...

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, has a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genome consisting of six genes (3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5'). The first three 3'-end intergenic sequences (IGSs) are single nucleotides (nt), whereas the F-HN and HN-L IGSs are 31 and 47 nt, respectively. To investigate the role of IGS length in NDV transcription and pathogenesis, we recovered v...

Ag activation of the BCR may play a role in the pathogenesis of human follicular lymphoma (FL) and other B cell malignancies. However, the nature of the Ag(s) recognized by tumor BCRs has not been well studied. In this study, we used unbiased approaches to demonstrate that 42 (19.35%) of 217 tested FL Igs recognized vimentin as a shared autoantigen. The epitope was localized to the N-terminal r...

The nucleolus is organized around a scaffolding of rDNA tandem repeats. These repeats, known as ribosomal cassettes, are each composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes preceding a long intergenic spacer (IGS) that has been classically perceived to be transcriptionally silent. Recent study of the IGS has contradicted the dogma that these spacers are merely inert regions of the genome, instead sugge...

In recent years, many national timing laboratories have installed geodetic Global Positioning System receivers together with their traditional GPS/GLONASS Common View receivers and Two Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer equipments. Many of these geodetic receivers operate continuously within the International GNSS Service (IGS), and their data are regularly processed by IGS Analysis Cent...

Contemporary imaging modalities can now provide the surgeon with high quality three- and four-dimensional images depicting not only normal anatomy and pathology, but also vascularity and function. A key component of image-guided surgery (IGS) is the ability to register multi-modal pre-operative images to each other and to the patient. The other important component of IGS is the ability to track...

The progress of the joint Pilot Project for time transfer, formed by the International GPS Service (IGS) and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), was recently reviewed. Three notable milestones were set. 1) The IGS will implement, at least in a test mode, an internally realized time scale based on an integration of combined frequency standards within the IGS network. This will ...

We determined the sequence of the intergenic spacer (IGS) 1 region, which is located between the 26S and 5S rRNA genes, in 25 species of the genus TRICHOSPORON: IGS 1 sequences varied in length from 195 to 719 bp. Comparative sequence analysis suggested that the divergence of IGS 1 sequences has been greater than that of the internal transcribed spacer regions. We also identified five genotypes...