Moral hypocrisy is typically viewed as an ethical accusation: Someone is applying different moral standards to essentially identical cases, dishonestly claiming that one action is acceptable while otherwise equivalent actions are not. We suggest that in some instances the apparent logical inconsistency stems from different evaluations of a weak argument, rather than dishonesty per se. Extending...

Iconoclasm mainly concerns the destruction of icons, based on Commandment Bible ‘ Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image …’ (Exodus 20:4). can be presented in two different ways. One is that an ‘inside aspect’, taking place within a given religious system. The other ‘outside through which system destroys symbols another religion. Dealing with one may find many sites were destroyed or ha...

Cooperation is widespread in human societies, but its maintenance at the group level remains puzzling if individuals benefit from not cooperating. Explanations of the maintenance of cooperation generally assume that cooperative and non-cooperative behavior in others can be assessed and copied accurately. However, humans have a well known capacity to deceive and thus to manipulate how others ass...

Induced hypocrisy is considered as a new dissonance paradigm, in which two factors (normative commitment and mindfulness of past transgressions), are combined. The inconsistency between ‘what I am preaching’ and ‘what I have done’ is reduced via behavioral change in line with the prior preach. In this study, we compared two different operationalizations of commitment factor. In a paradigmatic c...