The hygienic behavior of honey bees is based on a two-step process, including uncapping and removing diseased, dead, damaged, or parasitized brood inside the cell. We evaluated during periods of 1 h the time that hygienic and non-hygienic colonies of Africanized honey bees spend to detect, uncap and remove pin-killed brood using comb inserts with transparent walls placed in observation hives. W...

Previous observational studies have reported protective effects of hand-washing in reducing upper respiratory infections, little is known about the associations between hand-washing and good hygienic habits and seasonal influenza infection. We conducted a case-control study to test whether the risk of influenza transmission associated with self-reported hand-washing and unhealthy hygienic habit...

Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies bred for hygienic behavior were tested in a large Þeld trial to determine if they were able to resist the parasitic mite Varroa destructor better than unselected colonies of “Starline” stock. Colonies bred for hygienic behavior are able to detect, uncap, and remove experimentally infested brood from the nest, although the extent to which the behavior actua...

This paper presents the “Safe-Instantiation Principle,” a new design principle for evaluating extensions of Java with support for generic types. We discuss the GJ and NextGen formulations of Generic Java and the implications of safe instantiation on both approaches. We then consider the implications of safe-instantiation for the addition of mixins to Java via generic types. Finally, we defend t...

This paper presents the “safe-instantiation principle” a new design principle for evaluating extensions of Java with support for generic types. We discuss the GJ and NextGen formulations of Generic Java and the implications of safe instantiation on both approaches. We then consider the implications of safe-instantiation for the addition of mixins to Java via generic types. Finally, we defend th...

Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies bred for hygienic behavior were tested in a large field trial to determine if they were able to resist the parasitic mite Varroa destructor better than unselected colonies of"Starline" stock. Colonies bred for hygienic behavior are able to detect, uncap, and remove experimentally infested brood from the nest, although the extent to which the behavior actua...

Two behaviors of honey bees, hygienic behavior and grooming, are mechanisms of defense against brood diseases and parasitic mites. Studies have shown that Apis mellifera colonies remove worker brood infested with Varroa jacobsoni mites from the nest (hygienic behavior), and groom the mites off other adult bees, but to a limited extent compared to the original host of V. jacobsoni, A. cerana. Re...

AIM This baseline study aims to find out the evaluation of hygienic-sanitary conditions at the level of dental medicine cabinets through the verification of certain hygienic aspects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study conducted consists in monitoring the hygienic/sanitary conditions at the level of 68 dental medicine cabinets (40 private cabinets and 28 school/university dental cabinets in Iasi c...

Hygienic behaviour performed by middle!aged worker bees is an important intranidal task in colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera "L[#[ It comprises detecting diseased brood in the larval and pupal stages and removing all such infected brood\ thereby decreasing the incidence of infection[ Hygienic behaviour consists of two task!components] uncapping cells and removing the cell contents[ The a...

It is possible to define a formal semantics for configuration, elaboration, linking, and evaluation of fully-parameterized first-class modules with hygienic macros, independent compilation, and code sharing. This dissertation defines such a semantics making use of explicit substitution to formalize hygienic expansion and linking. In the module system, interfaces define the static semantics of m...