to test whether they would remove experimentally infested pupae following methods of Boecking and Drescher (1992). In 1994, the hygienic colonies removed significantly more pupae infested with one mite per cell than the non-hygienic colonies. In 1995, there was no significant difference between the hygienic and non-hygienic colonies when one or two mites were introduced per pupa due to variatio...

BACKGROUND Approximately 18 million South Africans do not have access to adequate sanitation. This problem is not unique to South Africa but is a challenge to many developing countries. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain insight and understanding of factors that could motivate people to adopt safe hygienic practices. METHODS A non-probability purposive sample of 12...

OBJECTIVE To compare the maternal outcome, in terms of postpartum infection, of deliveries conducted by trained traditional birth attendants (TBAs) with those conducted by untrained birth attendants. METHODS The study took place in a rural area of Bangladesh where a local NGO (BRAC) had previously undertaken TBA training. Demographic surveillance in the study site allowed the systematic ident...

Hygienic behaviour, an intranidal task performed by middle-aged worker bees is an important behavioural mechanism of resistance to disease and to attack by Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite. We studied the effect of a colony’s genotypic composition on the expression of this behaviour among worker bees by creating normal age-structured colonies with different proportions of bees belonging...

In modern conditions, the number of various employees in field education is increasing, whose work connected with overstrain voice apparatus, psycho-emotional load, unfavorable mode, which made it necessary to study functional state peculiarities process and risks harmful effects on health. Among occupational diseases, there are diseases vocal apparatus an nature, such as pharyngitis, laryngiti...

Quasiquotation in Scheme is nearly ideal for implementing programs that generate other programs. These programs lack only the ability to generate fresh bound identifiers, as required to make such code-manipulating programs hygienic, but any Scheme programmer knows how to provide this ability using gensym. In this tutorial we investigate hygienic quasiquotation in Scheme and in languages influen...

In this paper we show how the abstract behaviours of higherorder systems can be modelled as final coalgebras of suitable behavioural functors. These functors have the challenging peculiarity to be circularly defined with their own final coalgebra. Our main contribution is a general construction for defining these functors, solving this circularity which is the essence of higher-order behaviours...

Hygienic behavior in honey bees, Apis mellifera, is measured by determining the rate at which the bees uncap and remove dead sealed brood. We analyzed individual behavior of house-cleaning Africanized honey bees in order to focus on some poorly understood aspects of hygienic behavior. Two observation hives, each with approximately 3,000 individually marked bees, were used in this study. The eff...