forest road construction is the most costly operation in forestry. road designing and construction in unsuitable areas may increase construction and maintenance costs and also cause many environmental impacts. therefore, it is required to pay more attention to forest road design. in this research, we tried to introduce an appropriate method for locating forest roads using gis and ahp simultaneo...

Forest road construction is the most costly operation in forestry. Road designing and construction in unsuitable areas may increase construction and maintenance costs and also cause many environmental impacts. Therefore, it is required to pay more attention to forest road design. In this research, we tried to introduce an appropriate method for locating forest roads using GIS and AHP simultaneo...

Improved understanding of the spatial dynamics of invasive plant species may lead to more effective land management and reduced future invasion. Here, we identified the spatial extents of nonnative cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in the north central Great Basin using remotely sensed data from Landsat MSS, TM, and ETM+. We compared cheatgrass extents in 1973 and 2001 to six spatially explicit land...

Linear hydrographic features, such as coastlines, are geographic features that are difficult to define and portray in a geographic database because of their dynamic nature. What is portrayed in a database as a hydrographic feature many times depends on the specific definition adopted by an organization, and these definitions often reflect organizational, national, or international needs and/or ...

An estimate is made of the three-dimensional global oceanic temperature and salinity variability, omitting the seasonal cycle, both as a major descriptive element of the ocean circulation and for use in the error estimates of state estimation. Historical hydrography, recent data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, and Argo profile data are all used. Root-mean-square vertical displaceme...

The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental consultative and technical organization established in 1921 to support the safety of navigational, and to contribute to the protection of the marine environment. One of its primary roles is to establish and maintain appropriate standards to assist in the proper and efficient use of hydrographic data and information. (Ward...