CONTEXT CCK is understood to play a major role in appetite regulation. Difficulties in measuring CCK have limited the potential to assess its profile in relation to food-induced satiety. Improvements in methodology and progress in theoretical understanding of satiety/satiation make it timely for this to be revisited. OBJECTIVE First, examine how physiologically relevant postprandial CCK8/33(s...

• Sensory-specific satiation comprises decreased food liking and wanting. Distraction during eating reduces sensory-specific satiation. Hunger (the absence of fullness) affects wanting but not liking. Liking hunger predict meal enjoyment. Meal enjoyment post-meal fullness satisfaction. is the transient loss reward value a recently eaten versus uneaten foods. In this study, participants (n = 70 ...

Ellison anld Konorski (1964, 1965) proposed the procedure by which the separation of the instrumental motor and the cJassical salivary responses was possible within the same trial. Namely, two chained conditioned stimuli (CSs) were used; the first elicited a multiple instrumental response and the second, immediately following the first one, was merely a well established signal of food. In our p...

Unlike energy expenditure, energy intake occurs during discrete events: snacks and meals. The prevailing view is that meal size is governed by physiological and psychological events that promote satiation towards the end of a meal. This review explores an alternative and perhaps controversial proposition. Specifically that satiation plays a secondary role, and that meal size (kJ) is controlled ...

A shift in motivational state often produces behavioral change, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, feeding-induced transition from a hunger to satiation state leads to a slowdown and an eventual termination of feeding. Because the multifunctional feeding network generates both ingestion and the competing response, egestion, it is pos...

Understanding how nonhuman animals such as swine respond to their environment and understanding how to provide them with a good quality of life involves using a range of experimental approaches. More and more, ethological researchers are turning to operant methods to answer some of these questions. Employing an operant such as a lever, researchers can assess how hard animals will work to get ac...

We investigated the contribution of hunger and food liking to food reward, and the relationship between food reward and food intake. We defined liking as the pleasantness of taste of food in the mouth, and food reward as the momentary value of a food to the individual at the time of ingestion. Liking and food reward were measured, respectively, by ratings of the pleasantness of the taste of a m...

In normal weight humans it was shown first that the sight of food is pleasant when hungry, and that the pleasantness of the sight of a food which has been eaten to satiety decreases more than the pleasantness of the sight of foods which have not been eaten. Thus the specificity of satiety extends to the visual modality, and this may be an important factor in influencing which foods are selected...