Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death all around the world, and ischemic stroke is considered to be the most common stroke type. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important molecules for detection of both pathogen invasion and tissue damage. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression level of TLR2 on monocytes in patients with ischemic stroke and to evaluate th...

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was originally discovered as a chromatin-binding protein several decades ago. It is now increasingly evident that HMGB1 plays a major role in several disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, sepsis, and cancer. It is intriguing how deregulation of HMGB1 can result in a myriad of disease conditions. Interestingly, HMGB1 is involved in cel...

Mutant ataxin-1 (Atxn1), which causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), binds to and impairs the function of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a crucial nuclear protein that regulates DNA architectural changes essential for DNA damage repair and transcription. In this study, we established that transgenic or virus vector-mediated complementation with HMGB1 ameliorates motor dysfunction and...

BACKGROUND Secondary infections are the leading cause of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The gut represents the main source of pancreatic contamination and related septic complications. High-mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) was recently identified to play an important role in the SAP intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. OBJECTIVE To investigate the c...

Forty years ago, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was discovered in calf thymus and named according to its electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. Now, we know that HMGB1 performs dual functions. Inside the cell, HMGB1 is a highly conserved chromosomal protein acting as a DNA chaperone. Outside of the cell, HMGB1 is a prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern, acting with cytok...

High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) has been shown to participate in acute inflammatory reactions, including acute lung injury and sepsis. There is also evidence that circulating levels of HMGB1 are increased after severe trauma and are associated with clinically important outcome parameters, including mortality. Recent studies demonstrated that HMGB1 itself has little or no proinflammato...

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a member of highly conserved non-histone DNA binding protein family, has been studied as transcription factor and growth factor. Secreted extracellularly by activated monocytes and macrophages or passively released by necrotic or damaged cells, extracellular HMGB1 is a potent mediator of inflammation. Extracellular HMGB1 has apparently contrasting biol...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. We identify High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) as a novel causative factor in the development of cerebral oedema, mediating coagulation, preventing secondary brain damage as well as serving as a novel therapeutic target to limit secondary neurological injury after TBI. As a prototypical danger associated molecular...

High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved, ubiquitous protein in the nuclei and cytoplasm of almost all cells. After binding to its receptor, HMGB1, which is derived from necrotic cells and activated macrophages/monocytes, functions as a critical mediator of inflammation and promotes tissue repair and regeneration. Many recent studies demonstrated that HMGB1 played a pivotal role ...