In the previous chapters there was continual talk of: (i) possible structures of pedagogical situations with which it is noted that still other pedagogical structures might exist that are not yet noticed and that such structures are possibilities that can be actualized in pedagogic situations; (ii) pedagogical structures (with their essences) that are available to the participants in pedagogica...

A groundswell of recent work in philosophy has sought to revitalize the analysis of causation by appealing to “active principles” such as powers, dispositions, capacities, tendencies, and propensities. These principles are described in a realist and rather Aristotelian fashion, in stark contrast to the deflationary and linguistic accounts of such principles characteristic of Humean thought and ...

It has been claimed that certain forms of individual essentialism render the Theory of Natural Selection unable to explain why any given individual has the traits it does. Here, three reasons are offered why the Theory ought to ignore these forms of essentialism. First, the trait-distributions explained by population genetics supervene on individual-level causal links, and thus selection must h...

We tested the contribution of two mechanisms, response expectancy and motivational concordance, to reported psychological benefit from a popular, biologically inactive, self-help, complementary therapy (a placebo). Flower essences were taken by 251 people for self-selected symptoms and were randomized to receive three different kinds of information. When the flower essence was presented as a sp...

Open bite is a malocclusion that occurs in the vertical plane, characterized by lack of vertical overlap between the maxillary and Mandibular dentition. The anterior open bites particularly skeletal open bites are called as “stigmata of malocclusion”. The varied etiological characterstic features of openbite are discussed in this article. Openbites are easy to diagnose but difficult to retain. ...

Periodontally affected root surfaces are hyper mineralized, and contaminated with cytotoxic and other biologically active substances especially endotoxins which play a pivotal role in preventing new connective tissue attachment to the exposed root surface. Following root planing the instrumented root surface is invariably covered by smear layer containing remnants of dental calculus, contaminat...

To study the effects of thyme, savory, mint, and eucalyptus essences on photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll fluorescence, changes of transpiration, and leaf temperature of two cultivars of pistachios, namely, Abbasali and Shahpasand, a research was done in one of the commercial gardens of Damghan in 2012. This experiment was implemented in split, split plot as complete randomized block desig...