In the empirical analysis of panel data the Breusch Pagan statistic has become a standard tool to infer on unobserved heterogeneity over the cross section. Put differently, the test statistic is central to discriminate between the pooled regression and the random effects model. Conditional versions of the test statistic have been provided to immunize inference on unobserved heterogeneity agains...

Background Health expenditures are divided in two parts of public and private health expenditures. Public health expenditures contain social security spending, taxing to private and public sectors, and foreign resources like loans and subventions. On the other hand, private health expenditures contain out of pocket expenditures and private insurances. Each of these has different effects on the ...

Background: Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are established with the aim of providing an opportunity to financially deprived people make them independent and come out poverty. To provide financial assistance targeted people, MFI must be able improve their performance. Thus, manager needs identify major factors that influence Objectives: This paper aims analyze impact firm-specific on performan...

background health expenditures are divided in two parts of public and private health expenditures. public health expenditures contain social security spending, taxing to private and public sectors, and foreign resources like loans and subventions. on the other hand, private health expenditures contain out of pocket expenditures and private insurances. each of these has different effects on the ...

Research background: Sustainable development at the enterprise level is understood as integration of economic, environmental and social dimensions aimed meeting needs all firm?s stakeholders in present future. Therefore, it crucial to evaluate relationship between sustainability performance a company its financial performance.
 Purpose article: Considering business model for well debatable...

The purpose of this study is to dissect the ways in which institutional ownership, number years a board has been operation, and representation women on each influence strength association between risk disclosure other parameters. Purposive sampling was utilized collect data from commercial banks registered with OJK 2017 2021. From 41 different locations, 205 samples were taken. To test their hy...

With the globalization and internationalization of markets, companies need to be more competitive offer high-quality guarantees consumers, suppliers, banking institutions, shareholders. Thus, objective this paper is measure impacts that these guarantees, analyzed through quality management, environmental management occupational health safety standards, will have on return assets (ROA) classifie...

BACKGROUND Health expenditures are divided in two parts of public and private health expenditures. Public health expenditures contain social security spending, taxing to private and public sectors, and foreign resources like loans and subventions. On the other hand, private health expenditures contain out of pocket expenditures and private insurances. Each of these has different effects on the ...

With the Global Reporting Initiative (a provider of global best practice for impact reporting) systematically helping parties to understand and exchange issues such as climate change formulating authoritative sustainability reporting guidelines, corporate sustainable development is becoming more critical companies. Moreover, carbon information disclosure has potential promote financing after Gr...

With the rise of corporate failures and conflict interest arising from shareholders management, there have been growing concerns in governance (CG). It is ponsibility board director CG to oversee management as well firm performance make accountable shareholders. Hence this research examines connection between firms’ features using size, independence addition age a proxy for characteristics turn...