Hysteretic and nonlinear dielectric behaviour in ferroelectric ceramics has been of interest since 1950s, when these materials found application in various electronic devices. Presently, these phenomena concern with important areas of science, technology and engineering. In particular, nonlinearity and hysteresis are the key factors in performance, precision and accuracy of modern devices. Many...

Experiments were carried out in which the dependence of the fractional softening on temperature, time and strain rate was determined in a 304H stainless steel. Three prestrain ranges were identified pertaining to three different post-deformation softening behaviors: 1) prestraining to below the DRX critical strain: strongly strain dependent softening by SRX alone with softening kinetics control...

experiments were carried out in which the dependence of the fractional softening on temperature, time and strain rate was determined in a 304h stainless steel. three prestrain ranges were identified pertaining to three different post-deformation softening behaviors: 1) prestraining to below the drx critical strain: strongly strain dependent softening by srx alone with softening kinetics control...

We analyze the spectra of pions and protons in heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies from 2 A GeVto 65+65 A GeVby using a jet-implemented hadron-string cascade model. In this energy region, hadron transverse mass spectra first show softening until SPS energies, and re-hardening may emerge at RHIC energies. Since hadronic matter is expected to show only softening at higher energy densiti...

A Raman study of a back gated bilayer graphene sample is presented. The changes in the Fermi level induced by charge transfer splits the Raman G band, hardening its higher component and softening the lower one. These two components are associated with the symmetric (S) and antisymmetric vibration (AS) of the atoms in the two layers, the later one becoming Raman active due to inversion symmetry ...

The effect of geometric imperfections and viscous damping on the type of nonlinearity i.e., the hardening or softening behaviour of circular plates and shallow spherical shells with free edge is here investigated. The Von Kármán large-deflection theory is used to derive the continuous models. Then, nonlinear normal modes NNMs are used for predicting with accuracy the coefficient, the sign of wh...

It has long been a puzzle that the Raman optical modes shift to lower frequency or termed optical mode softening or redshift associated with the creation of Raman acoustic modes that shift to higher energy or called acoustic hardening or blueshift upon a nanosolid being formed and its size being reduced. Understandings of the mechanism behind the size-induced Raman shifts have been quite contro...

The deformation of metallic glasses involves two competing processes: a disordering process involving dilatation, free volume accumulation, and softening, and a relaxation process involving diffusional ordering and densification. For metallic glasses at room temperature and under uniaxial loading, disordering usually dominates, and the glass can fail catastrophically as the softening process ru...

Background: Physical wedges are still widely used as beam modifiers in external beam radiotherapy. However the presence of them in the beam trace may cause beam hardening which may not be considered in many treatment planning systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the beam hardening effect generated by physical wedges via different beam quality indexes as photon spectrum, half value l...

Time evolution of the probability density is investigated for initially quiescent dynamical systems exposed suddenly to random excitations. A variety of dynamical systems is considered, including the usual linear oscillator, and nonlinear oscillators of hardening spring, of softening spring, and of the van del Pol type. The random excitations are assumed to be stationary stochastic processes, s...