Non-linear effects in the evolution of the axion field in the early Universe may lead to the formation of gravitationally bound clumps of axions, known as “miniclusters.” Minicluster masses and radii should be in the range Mmc ∼ 10M⊙ and Rmc ∼ 10cm, and in plausible early-Universe scenarios a significant fraction of the mass density of the Universe may be in the form of axion miniclusters. If s...

We investigate the geometry of lightsheets comprised of null geodesics near a brane. Null geodesics which begin parallel to a brane a distance d away are typically gravitationally bound to the brane, so that the maximum distance from the geodesic to the brane never exceeds d. The geometry of resulting lightsheets is similar to that of the brane if one coarse grains over distances of order d. We...

introduction air pollution has harmful effect on human health and the environment. accordingly, considerable effort has been put to analyze the air pollutants. one important issue is the spatial distribution of these pollutants. dispersion of the pollutants released from sources on the ground is mostly driven by the planetary boundary layer where turbulent flow causes mixing of the content of t...

Observers at rest in a stationary spacetime flat at infinity can measure small amounts of rest-mass+internal energies+kinetic energies+pressure energy in a small volume of fluid attached to a local inertial frame. The sum of these small amounts is the total “matter energy” EM for those observers. If Mc 2 is the total mass-energy, the difference Mc − EM is the binding gravitational energy. Misne...

We consider gravitational self interaction in the lowest approximation and assume that graviton interacts with gravitational energy-momentum tensor in the same way as it interacts with particles. We show that, using gravitational vertex with a preferred gravitational energy-momentum tensor, it is possible to obtain a metric necessary for explaining perihelion precession. The preferred gravitati...

An analytic estimation of the mass function for gravitationally bound objects is presented. We use the Zel’dovich approximation to extend the Press-Schecter analysis to nonspherical collapse. For the Zel’dovich approximation, the gravitational collapse along all three directions which will eventually lead to the formation of real virialized objects clumps occurs in the regions where the lowest ...

This paper presents data from the BIMA interferometer showing spatially resolved absorption spectra of the gravitationally lensed quasar PKS 1830-211. High-resolution (1.2 km s) spectra were taken in two spectral windows centered on the redshifted frequencies of the HCO(2 ← 1) and HCN(2 ← 1) molecular transitions. There is no molecular absorption in the northeast image but the southwest image r...

We modified the Press-Schechter (PS) formalism and then analytically derived a constrained mass distribution function n(M |φ) for the regions having some specified value of the primordial gravitational potential, φ. The resulting modified PS theory predicts that gravitationally bound clumps with masses corresponding to rich clusters are significantly biased toward the regions of negative primor...