Researchers have extensively studied phenomena that affect a second language learner’s oral production while there is scant evidence about input-related factors. Accordingly, the present study sought to investigate how variation in oral production is caused by the input they receive from different course materials. To this end, the study included a micro-evaluation study of three course materia...

A grammar is a definition of a language written in a transformational form. To the extent that design requirements and designed artifacts can be represented by some language, and to the extent that design is a transformation from function to form, grammars may facilitate the development of theories and methods for design. Furthermore, the computational complexity of various grammatical formalis...

j=1 hk,j |8(k, j) 2 [p]⇥[Nk], hk,j 2Hk , and the union of all such families GF,n = S |N|=n GF,N. Fix ⇢ > 0. For a fixed N, the Rademacher complexity of GF,N can be bounded as follows for any m 1: Rm(GF,N)  1 n Pp k=1 Nk Rm(Hk). Thus, the following standard margin-based Rademacher complexity bound holds (Koltchinskii & Panchenko, 2002). For any > 0, with probability at least 1 , for all g 2 GF,...

proceeded difference in opinion of grammarians led to the capacity of thought in grammar of arabic language, and cause to the conflict in thought of the grammarians. this research aims to study the difference between grammarians in modern grammatical matters, which is similar to that difference that took place between grammarians in basra and kufa in matters of arabic grammar. the present resea...

In this paper, we propose to use a subfield of machine learning –grammatical inference– to measure linguistic complexity from a developmental point of view. We focus on relative complexity by considering a child learner in the process of first language acquisition. The relevance of grammatical inference models for measuring linguistic complexity from a developmental point of view is based on th...

A method for determining logarithms in GF (2”) is presented. Its asymptotic running time is O(exp ( S3 log213 n)) for a small constant c, while, by comparison, Adleman’s scheme runs in time O(exp(c n ’ I/’ log”’ n)). Tbe ideas give a dramatic improvement even for moderate-sized fields such as GF (2l*‘), and make (harely) possible computations in fields of size around 2400. The method is not app...

PURPOSE To explore the effects of utterance length, syntactic complexity, and grammatical correctness on stuttering in the spontaneous speech of young, monolingual Spanish-speaking children. METHOD Spontaneous speech samples of 11 monolingual Spanish-speaking children who stuttered, ages 35 to 70 months, were examined. Mean number of syllables, total number of clauses, utterance complexity (i...

When an incremental parser gets the next word, its expectations about upcoming grammatical structures can change. When a word greatly constrains these grammatical expectations, uncertainty is reduced. This elimination of possibilities constitutes information processing work. Formalizing this notion of information processing work yields a complexity metric that predicts human repetition accuracy...