Soil-borne pathogens are posited to maintain forest diversity. However, their in situ impact and spatial variation are largely unknown. We examined spatial patterns of pathogenic activity in a deciduous forest using a common garden experiment and also in a natural experiment around replicated trees, and we quantified Pythium (a soil-borne pathogen) density around individual Prunus serotina tree...

An increasing ecological awareness and greater efforts on a global scale to reverse processes of environmental degradation give rise to new forms of social and economic conflict-a "politics of resource stabilization"-which political ecology theorists have yet to fully explore. Blaikie and Brookfield (1987) argue that the long-term payback period of capital-intensive and natural reclamation proc...

Large White Butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. (LWB) is one of the greatest pests of cruciferous cultures in Estonia, and, in the years of its biggest abundance, it can destroy a significant part of a crop. Many plants contain natural compounds that can repel and/or attract insects and protect neighbouring plants. This principle is used in a method known as companion planting. The aim of this paper...

C O M E 200 green-chairmen, greenkecp^ erg, and others interested in prohlems of turf maintenance assembled Monday morning. September 16, for the third annual turf meeting sponsored by the USGA Green Section and the Greenkeeping Superintendents' Association. A twoday program was arranged this year to inrlude a review (1) of the experimental work in progress on the Arlington turf garden, (2) the...

Abstract Among the ecosystem services provided by urban greenspace are retention and infiltration of stormwater, which decreases flooding, enhanced evapotranspiration, helps mitigate heat island effects. Some types greenspace, such as rain gardens green roofs, intentionally designed to enhance these hydrologic functions. Urban gardens, while primarily for food production aesthetic benefits, may...

The work, based on the results of original research and analysis literary sources, presents peculiarities structure flowers their formulas a number subtropical plants that are grown in open ground collection plots «Garden Subtropical Fruit Cultures» «Shaped Garden» Khorolsky Botanical Garden (Poltava Region) Sered them, 11 species already flowering fruiting collection, rest still growing. These...

Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) have gained attention for their potential role in explaining plant growth and invasion. While promising, most PSF research has measured plant monoculture growth on different soils in short-term, greenhouse experiments. Here, five soil types were conditioned by growing one native species, three non-native species, or a mixed plant community in different plots in a com...

While a dot plot depicts data on quantitative variable without distortion, boxplot shows only the five-number summary. For large data, to aid in counting, we propose an IVY as companion plot. Also, for if is approximately normally distributed, boxplot, Gaussian interval that summary, mean, SD, sample size, and counts of outliers. We hope these enhanced visualizations will add value commonly use...