nowadays, population growth and on the other hand resources limitations astonish authorities. population changes cause variation in economic activities and land use changes. as a whole, overusing, improper land use and human disturbances over natural resources make environmental imbalances worse. in recent decades, we have seen land use changes in taleghan basin. land use changes were produced ...

Materials failure, in the form of cracking, is a phenomenon of fundamental scientific interest and one that impacts a variety of applications spanning a wide range of fields, particularly those of materials science and engineering. Experiments have investigated extensively the macroscopic properties associated with cracking within homogeneous materials as well as at interfaces between dissimila...